Treaty-making, like all forms of intercultural interaction, requires translation, not just of language but of norms and expectations. These norms and expectations, referred to more recently as “languages of diplomacy,” can be defined as the systems of signs used for communication during diplomacy, both verbal and non-verbal. My doctoral project examines these languages of diplomacy in the traditional territory of the Haudenosaunee and the nations with which they held sustained kinship alliances during the eighteenth century. My thesis looks at these set of norms that structured diplomacy and how they expanded and changed shape as relationships between Indigenous nations, British colonies, and the Crown shifted. In this region, these norms derived primarily from Covenant Chain diplomacy, which structured alliances during this period but did not prescribe a rigid set of practices. Languages of diplomacy traversed pathways, waterways, mountains, and oceans across early American spaces—between treaty councils witnessed by Indigenous and European negotiators and attendees; the desks of colonial governors, proprietors, and Crown officials; the public spaces and homes of British publics on both sides of the Atlantic, and the offices of the Board of Trade. I analyse engagements with these norms both inside and outside treaty councils. Surveys of speech inside treaty councils are accompanied by an examination of on whose terms that the materials that congealed languages of diplomacy were pushed, pulled, and reconstructed. As people and materials moved, the norms of Covenant Chain diplomacy expanded. These mobile, material, and relational languages of diplomacy provide a framework for understanding diplomacy not just an arena of creative misunderstandings but of people’s genuine attempts to construct commensurability across legal systems and cultures.